[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1813},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-header-product-categories-v40":3,"public-navigation-primary-v1":177,"resource-technical-guide-hydraulic-cylinder-force-speed-calculations":238},[4,32,52,72,92,117,137,157],{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":14,"extension":15,"geo":16,"h1":6,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":22,"meta":23,"navigation":24,"path":25,"seo":26,"slug":28,"sortOrder":29,"stem":30,"__hash__":31},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-gear-pumps.md","Hydraulic Gear Pump",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":10},"minimark",[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":13},"",2,[],"Browse hydraulic gear pumps by brand and verified Series for product identification, replacement review, and quotation.","md",{"directAnswer":17,"keyFacts":18,"verificationNotes":19},"This category organizes hydraulic gear pumps by brand and verified Series. Verify the exact model, displacement, rotation, mounting, and port configuration before selection.",[],[20],"Model-specific technical data must be verified before final selection or replacement review.","review","2026-08-24",{},true,"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-gear-pumps",{"title":27,"description":14,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Gear Pump | BOETH","hydraulic-gear-pumps",10,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-gear-pumps","YbWmrJjwlinJE2t9YLGBhV2j502ZvLgcglpn4tmkq1c",{"id":33,"title":34,"body":35,"description":39,"extension":15,"geo":40,"h1":34,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":22,"meta":44,"navigation":24,"path":45,"seo":46,"slug":48,"sortOrder":49,"stem":50,"__hash__":51},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-vane-pumps.md","Hydraulic Vane Pump",{"type":8,"value":36,"toc":37},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":38},[],"Browse hydraulic vane pumps by brand and verified Series for product identification, replacement review, and quotation.",{"directAnswer":41,"keyFacts":42,"verificationNotes":43},"This category organizes hydraulic vane pumps by brand and verified Series. Series-level ranges must not be treated as confirmed specifications for an individual model.",[],[20],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-vane-pumps",{"title":47,"description":39,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Vane Pump | BOETH","hydraulic-vane-pumps",20,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-vane-pumps","emN8VRhwxeS_cK5LfuU2qhJ8F6xmjC0X9yNygCpj05Y",{"id":53,"title":54,"body":55,"description":59,"extension":15,"geo":60,"h1":54,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":22,"meta":64,"navigation":24,"path":65,"seo":66,"slug":68,"sortOrder":69,"stem":70,"__hash__":71},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-piston-pumps.md","Hydraulic Piston Pumps",{"type":8,"value":56,"toc":57},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":58},[],"Browse hydraulic piston pumps by brand and verified Series for product identification, replacement review, and quotation.",{"directAnswer":61,"keyFacts":62,"verificationNotes":63},"This category organizes hydraulic piston pumps by brand and verified Series. Use the brand and Series path before reviewing model-specific technical data.",[],[20],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-piston-pumps",{"title":67,"description":59,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Piston Pumps | BOETH","hydraulic-piston-pumps",30,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-piston-pumps","4OTZ-e6Bbra_6kgqOPqPI88tu4MJ0YsGkFpeQ5OKeyk",{"id":73,"title":74,"body":75,"description":79,"extension":15,"geo":80,"h1":74,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":22,"meta":84,"navigation":24,"path":85,"seo":86,"slug":88,"sortOrder":89,"stem":90,"__hash__":91},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-motors.md","Hydraulic Motors",{"type":8,"value":76,"toc":77},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":78},[],"Browse hydraulic motors by brand and verified Series for product identification, replacement review, and quotation.",{"directAnswer":81,"keyFacts":82,"verificationNotes":83},"This category organizes hydraulic motors by brand and verified Series. Confirm the motor family before reviewing model-specific displacement, pressure, speed, or mounting data.",[],[20],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-motors",{"title":87,"description":79,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Motors | BOETH","hydraulic-motors",40,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-motors","3TPdTNXVH4Zpl1fFFGpdUuJNr3zyQsoMhC2lnEiUFfY",{"id":93,"title":94,"body":95,"description":99,"extension":15,"geo":100,"h1":94,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":108,"meta":109,"navigation":24,"path":110,"seo":111,"slug":113,"sortOrder":114,"stem":115,"__hash__":116},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-valves.md","Hydraulic Valves",{"type":8,"value":96,"toc":97},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":98},[],"Hydraulic valve products for directional, pressure and flow control in industrial hydraulic circuits.",{"directAnswer":101,"keyFacts":102,"verificationNotes":106},"Hydraulic Valves are organized first by hydraulic product type, then by relevant series or individual model. Brand names are retained only as product or compatibility-reference attributes, not as a separate website category.",[103,104,105],"Category pages support product-type discovery and comparison.","Series pages sit under the relevant product category when a real series exists.","Model-specific operating data should be verified before final selection.",[107],"Verify model-specific technical data before final selection or substitution.","2026-08-21",{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-valves",{"title":112,"description":99,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Valves for Industrial Applications","hydraulic-valves",50,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-valves","do0c3wgKE3rsF9IHbhXqGVYNDpTp_ky024U6GoN1RSE",{"id":118,"title":119,"body":120,"description":124,"extension":15,"geo":125,"h1":119,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":108,"meta":129,"navigation":24,"path":130,"seo":131,"slug":133,"sortOrder":134,"stem":135,"__hash__":136},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-cylinders.md","Hydraulic Cylinders",{"type":8,"value":121,"toc":122},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":123},[],"Industrial hydraulic cylinders for machinery, replacement and engineered motion applications.",{"directAnswer":126,"keyFacts":127,"verificationNotes":128},"Hydraulic cylinders are industrial hydraulic actuators used to convert hydraulic pressure into linear motion. Browse available cylinder types, series, and replacement options for identification and selection.",[103,104,105],[107],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-cylinders",{"title":132,"description":124,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Cylinders for Industrial Applications","hydraulic-cylinders",60,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-cylinders","-ErjJ52c9XO4ywSudNjfR473ED-qKjMnv5S58xDb8IE",{"id":138,"title":139,"body":140,"description":144,"extension":15,"geo":145,"h1":139,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":108,"meta":149,"navigation":24,"path":150,"seo":151,"slug":153,"sortOrder":154,"stem":155,"__hash__":156},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-workholding.md","Hydraulic Workholding",{"type":8,"value":141,"toc":142},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":143},[],"Hydraulic clamping, work support and fixture components for machining and production systems.",{"directAnswer":146,"keyFacts":147,"verificationNotes":148},"Hydraulic Workholding are organized first by hydraulic product type, then by relevant series or individual model. Brand names are retained only as product or compatibility-reference attributes, not as a separate website category.",[103,104,105],[107],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-workholding",{"title":152,"description":144,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Workholding for Industrial Applications","hydraulic-workholding",70,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-workholding","tdyIs0WKdOkc03IEYpHOGGma0lfcW3-hqE_TEjbBAvg",{"id":158,"title":159,"body":160,"description":164,"extension":15,"geo":165,"h1":159,"indexStatus":21,"lastReviewed":22,"meta":169,"navigation":24,"path":170,"seo":171,"slug":173,"sortOrder":174,"stem":175,"__hash__":176},"productCategories\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-components.md","Hydraulic Components",{"type":8,"value":161,"toc":162},[],{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":163},[],"Browse hydraulic pump parts, hydraulic motor parts, and accumulators using verified component-family relationships.",{"directAnswer":166,"keyFacts":167,"verificationNotes":168},"Hydraulic Components is organized first by component type. Lower-level structure may use a verified brand and Series relationship or a real product family when appropriate.",[],[20],{},"\u002Fproduct-categories\u002Fhydraulic-components",{"title":172,"description":164,"noindex":24},"Hydraulic Components | BOETH","hydraulic-components",80,"product-categories\u002Fhydraulic-components","n4FGFUOgNDSkAVeLBp6JKnEm-c7oMxPoSdMsHlaY-ug",[178,183,188,208,233],{"id":179,"label":180,"to":181,"visible":24,"sortOrder":29,"children":182},"home","Home","\u002F",[],{"id":184,"label":185,"to":186,"visible":24,"sortOrder":49,"children":187},"products","Products","\u002Fproducts\u002F",[],{"id":189,"label":190,"to":191,"visible":24,"sortOrder":69,"children":192},"engineering-tools","Engineering Tools","\u002Fengineering-tools\u002F",[193,198,203],{"id":194,"label":195,"to":196,"visible":24,"sortOrder":29,"children":197},"cross-reference","Cross Reference","\u002Fcross-reference\u002F",[],{"id":199,"label":200,"to":201,"visible":24,"sortOrder":49,"children":202},"product-selector","Product Selector","\u002Fproduct-selector\u002F",[],{"id":204,"label":205,"to":206,"visible":24,"sortOrder":69,"children":207},"sizing-calculator","Sizing Calculator","\u002Fsizing-calculator\u002F",[],{"id":209,"label":210,"to":211,"visible":24,"sortOrder":89,"children":212},"resources","Resources","\u002Fresources\u002F",[213,218,223,228],{"id":214,"label":215,"to":216,"visible":24,"sortOrder":29,"children":217},"selection-guides","Selection Guides","\u002Fresources\u002Fselection-guides\u002F",[],{"id":219,"label":220,"to":221,"visible":24,"sortOrder":49,"children":222},"technical-guides","Technical Guides","\u002Fresources\u002Ftechnical-guides\u002F",[],{"id":224,"label":225,"to":226,"visible":24,"sortOrder":69,"children":227},"troubleshooting","Troubleshooting","\u002Fresources\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002F",[],{"id":229,"label":230,"to":231,"visible":24,"sortOrder":89,"children":232},"faq","FAQ","\u002Fresources\u002Ffaq\u002F",[],{"id":234,"label":235,"to":236,"visible":24,"sortOrder":114,"children":237},"about","About Us","\u002Fabout\u002F",[],{"id":239,"title":240,"body":241,"category":133,"contentType":1689,"description":1690,"engineeringNotes":1691,"extension":15,"formulas":1698,"geo":1768,"h1":240,"indexStatus":1779,"lastReviewed":108,"meta":1780,"navigation":24,"path":1781,"publishedAt":108,"references":1782,"relatedProductTypes":1791,"relatedResources":1795,"relatedSeries":1803,"relatedTools":1804,"seo":1806,"slug":1810,"stem":1811,"__hash__":1812},"guides\u002Fresources\u002Ftechnical-guides\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-force-speed-calculations.md","Hydraulic Cylinder Force & Speed Calculations",{"type":8,"value":242,"toc":1656},[243,248,252,260,265,271,276,279,308,317,325,329,411,414,419,422,427,430,434,437,441,444,449,454,457,461,464,469,472,477,482,485,490,493,498,503,506,510,513,518,520,540,547,552,555,569,572,577,581,584,589,592,597,601,603,615,618,623,626,630,633,637,640,659,662,667,672,675,678,681,685,688,692,694,715,718,723,728,739,742,746,749,752,766,769,772,775,779,782,786,789,792,795,800,802,816,819,822,825,829,832,837,840,853,856,861,865,868,881,884,889,894,898,900,911,914,919,924,927,941,944,951,955,958,963,966,971,974,979,982,986,989,994,999,1002,1005,1031,1035,1038,1043,1045,1064,1067,1078,1080,1085,1089,1092,1095,1100,1105,1108,1113,1118,1121,1125,1128,1133,1135,1153,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1187,1191,1194,1199,1204,1207,1210,1213,1230,1233,1237,1240,1243,1246,1258,1261,1273,1276,1296,1300,1303,1306,1309,1312,1332,1335,1339,1342,1345,1389,1392,1406,1409,1413,1416,1419,1422,1442,1445,1448,1452,1455,1458,1475,1478,1495,1498,1502,1505,1508,1531,1534,1538,1541,1544,1564,1571,1574,1578,1581,1647],[244,245,247],"h2",{"id":246},"direction-determines-the-effective-area","Direction Determines the Effective Area",[249,250,251],"p",{},"A conventional single-rod double-acting hydraulic cylinder has two different effective hydraulic areas.",[249,253,254,255,259],{},"During ",[256,257,258],"strong",{},"extension",", pressure normally acts on the full piston area on the cap end:",[249,261,262],{},[256,263,264],{},"A₁ = πD² \u002F 4",[249,266,254,267,270],{},[256,268,269],{},"retraction",", the piston rod occupies part of the hydraulic area. The effective rod-side area is therefore the annular area:",[249,272,273],{},[256,274,275],{},"A₂ = π(D² - d²) \u002F 4",[249,277,278],{},"where:",[280,281,282,290,296,302],"ul",{},[283,284,285,289],"li",{},[286,287,288],"code",{},"D"," = cylinder bore diameter",[283,291,292,295],{},[286,293,294],{},"d"," = piston rod diameter",[283,297,298,301],{},[286,299,300],{},"A₁"," = full cap-end piston area",[283,303,304,307],{},[286,305,306],{},"A₂"," = rod-side annular area",[249,309,310,311,313,314,316],{},"Because ",[286,312,306],{}," is smaller than ",[286,315,300],{},", a conventional single-rod cylinder does not produce identical force or speed in both directions.",[249,318,319,320],{},"Parker hydraulic cylinder engineering data uses the same pressure-times-effective-area relationship for theoretical push and pull force and differentiates pull force using the reduced rod-side effective area. ",[321,322,324],"content-reference",{"index":323},"2","oaicite:2",[244,326,328],{"id":327},"quick-reference","Quick Reference",[330,331,332,348],"table",{},[333,334,335],"thead",{},[336,337,338,342,345],"tr",{},[339,340,341],"th",{},"Calculation",[339,343,344],{},"Extension",[339,346,347],{},"Retraction",[349,350,351,366,381,396],"tbody",{},[336,352,353,357,361],{},[354,355,356],"td",{},"Effective area",[354,358,359],{},[286,360,264],{},[354,362,363],{},[286,364,365],{},"A₂ = π(D²-d²) \u002F 4",[336,367,368,371,376],{},[354,369,370],{},"Theoretical force",[354,372,373],{},[286,374,375],{},"Fext = P × A₁",[354,377,378],{},[286,379,380],{},"Fret = P × A₂",[336,382,383,386,391],{},[354,384,385],{},"Theoretical speed",[354,387,388],{},[286,389,390],{},"vext = Q \u002F A₁",[354,392,393],{},[286,394,395],{},"vret = Q \u002F A₂",[336,397,398,401,406],{},[354,399,400],{},"Chamber volume",[354,402,403],{},[286,404,405],{},"Vext = A₁ × S",[354,407,408],{},[286,409,410],{},"Vret = A₂ × S",[249,412,413],{},"For equal pressure:",[249,415,416],{},[256,417,418],{},"Extension force > Retraction force",[249,420,421],{},"For equal inlet flow:",[249,423,424],{},[256,425,426],{},"Retraction speed > Extension speed",[249,428,429],{},"These relationships apply to a conventional single-rod double-acting cylinder. Special cylinder geometries require their actual effective areas to be identified separately.",[244,431,433],{"id":432},"piston-area","Piston Area",[249,435,436],{},"The full piston area is:",[249,438,439],{},[256,440,264],{},[249,442,443],{},"For example, a 100 mm bore cylinder has:",[249,445,446],{},[256,447,448],{},"A₁ = π × 100² \u002F 4",[249,450,451],{},[256,452,453],{},"A₁ ≈ 7,854 mm²",[249,455,456],{},"This area is normally used for extension force, extension speed and cap-end chamber-volume calculations.",[244,458,460],{"id":459},"rod-area-and-annular-area","Rod Area and Annular Area",[249,462,463],{},"The piston rod area is:",[249,465,466],{},[256,467,468],{},"Aᵣ = πd² \u002F 4",[249,470,471],{},"For a 56 mm rod:",[249,473,474],{},[256,475,476],{},"Aᵣ = π × 56² \u002F 4",[249,478,479],{},[256,480,481],{},"Aᵣ ≈ 2,463 mm²",[249,483,484],{},"The rod-side effective area is:",[249,486,487],{},[256,488,489],{},"A₂ = A₁ - Aᵣ",[249,491,492],{},"Therefore:",[249,494,495],{},[256,496,497],{},"A₂ ≈ 7,854 - 2,463",[249,499,500],{},[256,501,502],{},"A₂ ≈ 5,391 mm²",[249,504,505],{},"The rod-side annular area is smaller than the full piston area, which explains both the lower theoretical retraction force and the higher theoretical retraction speed at equal inlet flow.",[244,507,509],{"id":508},"theoretical-cylinder-force","Theoretical Cylinder Force",[249,511,512],{},"The basic hydraulic force relationship is:",[249,514,515],{},[256,516,517],{},"F = P × A",[249,519,278],{},[280,521,522,528,534],{},[283,523,524,527],{},[286,525,526],{},"F"," = theoretical hydraulic force",[283,529,530,533],{},[286,531,532],{},"P"," = pressure in the active cylinder chamber",[283,535,536,539],{},[286,537,538],{},"A"," = effective hydraulic area",[249,541,542,543],{},"Parker identifies the same general relationship for theoretical cylinder output force. ",[321,544,546],{"index":545},"3","oaicite:3",[548,549,551],"h3",{"id":550},"metric-shortcut-bar-and-mm","Metric shortcut: bar and mm²",[249,553,554],{},"When:",[280,556,557,563],{},[283,558,559,560],{},"pressure is in ",[286,561,562],{},"bar",[283,564,565,566],{},"area is in ",[286,567,568],{},"mm²",[249,570,571],{},"use:",[249,573,574],{},[256,575,576],{},"F(kN) = P(bar) × A(mm²) \u002F 10,000",[548,578,580],{"id":579},"metric-shortcut-mpa-and-mm","Metric shortcut: MPa and mm²",[249,582,583],{},"Because:",[249,585,586],{},[256,587,588],{},"1 MPa = 1 N\u002Fmm²",[249,590,591],{},"when pressure is expressed in MPa:",[249,593,594],{},[256,595,596],{},"F(N) = P(MPa) × A(mm²)",[548,598,600],{"id":599},"inch-unit-relationship","Inch-unit relationship",[249,602,554],{},[280,604,605,610],{},[283,606,559,607],{},[286,608,609],{},"psi",[283,611,565,612],{},[286,613,614],{},"in²",[249,616,617],{},"then:",[249,619,620],{},[256,621,622],{},"F(lbf) = P(psi) × A(in²)",[249,624,625],{},"The unit systems should not be mixed inside one calculation.",[244,627,629],{"id":628},"extension-force","Extension Force",[249,631,632],{},"For extension of a conventional single-rod double-acting cylinder:",[249,634,635],{},[256,636,375],{},[249,638,639],{},"Using:",[280,641,642,648,654],{},[283,643,644,645],{},"Bore ",[286,646,647],{},"D = 100 mm",[283,649,650,651],{},"Pressure ",[286,652,653],{},"P = 160 bar",[283,655,656,657],{},"Full piston area ",[286,658,453],{},[249,660,661],{},"the theoretical extension force is:",[249,663,664],{},[256,665,666],{},"Fext = 160 × 7,854 \u002F 10,000",[249,668,669],{},[256,670,671],{},"Fext ≈ 125.7 kN",[249,673,674],{},"This is theoretical hydraulic force at the specified pressure.",[249,676,677],{},"It is not a guaranteed machine output.",[249,679,680],{},"Seal friction, pressure loss, linkage geometry, acceleration, side loading and other mechanical losses can reduce the usable force delivered to the load.",[244,682,684],{"id":683},"retraction-force","Retraction Force",[249,686,687],{},"Retraction uses the smaller annular area:",[249,689,690],{},[256,691,380],{},[249,693,639],{},[280,695,696,700,706,710],{},[283,697,644,698],{},[286,699,647],{},[283,701,702,703],{},"Rod ",[286,704,705],{},"d = 56 mm",[283,707,650,708],{},[286,709,653],{},[283,711,712,713],{},"Annular area ",[286,714,502],{},[249,716,717],{},"the theoretical retraction force is:",[249,719,720],{},[256,721,722],{},"Fret = 160 × 5,391 \u002F 10,000",[249,724,725],{},[256,726,727],{},"Fret ≈ 86.3 kN",[249,729,730,731,734,735,738],{},"The difference between approximately ",[286,732,733],{},"125.7 kN"," extension force and ",[286,736,737],{},"86.3 kN"," retraction force is caused by geometry, not by a hydraulic fault.",[249,740,741],{},"This distinction is especially important when diagnosing a cylinder that appears weak in only one direction.",[244,743,745],{"id":744},"use-pressure-at-the-cylinder","Use Pressure at the Cylinder",[249,747,748],{},"The pressure value used in a cylinder force calculation should represent the pressure acting on the active chamber during the operating condition being evaluated.",[249,750,751],{},"Do not automatically substitute:",[280,753,754,757,760,763],{},[283,755,756],{},"pump maximum pressure,",[283,758,759],{},"relief-valve setting,",[283,761,762],{},"accumulator precharge,",[283,764,765],{},"or a remote main-line pressure reading.",[249,767,768],{},"Valve pressure drop, hose restrictions, partially connected couplings, control components and flow-related losses can reduce pressure available at the actuator.",[249,770,771],{},"Where return-side backpressure exists, the opposing chamber pressure also affects net available force.",[249,773,774],{},"For practical system diagnosis, pressure should therefore be measured at relevant cylinder ports using approved instrumentation and procedures.",[244,776,778],{"id":777},"net-force-with-opposing-pressure","Net Force with Opposing Pressure",[249,780,781],{},"The simple equation:",[249,783,784],{},[256,785,517],{},[249,787,788],{},"describes force generated by one pressurized area.",[249,790,791],{},"In a real double-acting circuit, both chambers may have pressure.",[249,793,794],{},"For extension, the hydraulic force balance can be represented conceptually as:",[249,796,797],{},[256,798,799],{},"Fnet = Pcap × A₁ - Prod × A₂",[249,801,278],{},[280,803,804,810],{},[283,805,806,809],{},[286,807,808],{},"Pcap"," = cap-end pressure",[283,811,812,815],{},[286,813,814],{},"Prod"," = rod-end pressure",[249,817,818],{},"The resulting machine force must then overcome friction and the actual external load.",[249,820,821],{},"This is why high rod-side backpressure can materially reduce available extension force even when cap-end pressure appears normal.",[249,823,824],{},"Do not use the single-chamber theoretical force as a substitute for a complete circuit force balance when significant backpressure exists.",[244,826,828],{"id":827},"theoretical-cylinder-speed","Theoretical Cylinder Speed",[249,830,831],{},"Cylinder velocity is determined by flow entering the active chamber divided by that chamber's effective area:",[249,833,834],{},[256,835,836],{},"v = Q \u002F A",[249,838,839],{},"For metric engineering calculations using:",[280,841,842,848],{},[283,843,844,847],{},[286,845,846],{},"Q"," in L\u002Fmin",[283,849,850,852],{},[286,851,538],{}," in mm²",[249,854,855],{},"a convenient conversion is:",[249,857,858],{},[256,859,860],{},"v(mm\u002Fs) = 16,666.7 × Q(L\u002Fmin) \u002F A(mm²)",[244,862,864],{"id":863},"extension-speed-example","Extension Speed Example",[249,866,867],{},"Using the same 100 mm bore cylinder with:",[280,869,870,876],{},[283,871,872,873],{},"Flow ",[286,874,875],{},"Q = 30 L\u002Fmin",[283,877,878,879],{},"Extension area ",[286,880,453],{},[249,882,883],{},"the theoretical extension speed is:",[249,885,886],{},[256,887,888],{},"vext = 16,666.7 × 30 \u002F 7,854",[249,890,891],{},[256,892,893],{},"vext ≈ 63.7 mm\u002Fs",[244,895,897],{"id":896},"retraction-speed-example","Retraction Speed Example",[249,899,639],{},[280,901,902,906],{},[283,903,872,904],{},[286,905,875],{},[283,907,908,909],{},"Rod-side area ",[286,910,502],{},[249,912,913],{},"the theoretical retraction speed is:",[249,915,916],{},[256,917,918],{},"vret = 16,666.7 × 30 \u002F 5,391",[249,920,921],{},[256,922,923],{},"vret ≈ 92.7 mm\u002Fs",[249,925,926],{},"Therefore, with equal inlet flow:",[280,928,929,935],{},[283,930,931,932],{},"theoretical extension speed ≈ ",[286,933,934],{},"63.7 mm\u002Fs",[283,936,937,938],{},"theoretical retraction speed ≈ ",[286,939,940],{},"92.7 mm\u002Fs",[249,942,943],{},"The smaller rod-side effective area produces the higher theoretical retraction speed.",[249,945,946,947],{},"This relationship is also consistent with Parker's general cylinder engineering relationship between flow, effective area and actuator speed. ",[321,948,950],{"index":949},"4","oaicite:4",[244,952,954],{"id":953},"required-flow-for-a-target-speed","Required Flow for a Target Speed",[249,956,957],{},"If cylinder bore, rod diameter and required speed are known, rearrange the speed relationship:",[249,959,960],{},[256,961,962],{},"Q = v × A",[249,964,965],{},"For metric units:",[249,967,968],{},[256,969,970],{},"Q(L\u002Fmin) = v(mm\u002Fs) × A(mm²) \u002F 16,666.7",[249,972,973],{},"For example, if a 100 mm bore cylinder must extend at:",[249,975,976],{},[256,977,978],{},"100 mm\u002Fs",[249,980,981],{},"with:",[249,983,984],{},[256,985,453],{},[249,987,988],{},"the theoretical cap-end flow requirement is:",[249,990,991],{},[256,992,993],{},"Q = 100 × 7,854 \u002F 16,666.7",[249,995,996],{},[256,997,998],{},"Q ≈ 47.1 L\u002Fmin",[249,1000,1001],{},"This is the flow required at the active cylinder chamber.",[249,1003,1004],{},"The hydraulic system must still be checked for:",[280,1006,1007,1010,1013,1016,1019,1022,1025,1028],{},[283,1008,1009],{},"pump delivery at operating pressure,",[283,1011,1012],{},"valve flow capacity,",[283,1014,1015],{},"hose and tube velocity,",[283,1017,1018],{},"fitting restrictions,",[283,1020,1021],{},"port capacity,",[283,1023,1024],{},"return flow,",[283,1026,1027],{},"pressure drop,",[283,1029,1030],{},"and thermal performance.",[244,1032,1034],{"id":1033},"chamber-volume","Chamber Volume",[249,1036,1037],{},"Cylinder chamber displacement is:",[249,1039,1040],{},[256,1041,1042],{},"V = A × S",[249,1044,278],{},[280,1046,1047,1053,1058],{},[283,1048,1049,1052],{},[286,1050,1051],{},"V"," = chamber volume",[283,1054,1055,1057],{},[286,1056,538],{}," = effective chamber area",[283,1059,1060,1063],{},[286,1061,1062],{},"S"," = stroke",[249,1065,1066],{},"For:",[280,1068,1069,1073],{},[283,1070,1071,852],{},[286,1072,538],{},[283,1074,1075,1077],{},[286,1076,1062],{}," in mm",[249,1079,571],{},[249,1081,1082],{},[256,1083,1084],{},"V(L) = A × S \u002F 1,000,000",[548,1086,1088],{"id":1087},"example","Example",[249,1090,1091],{},"For the same 100 mm bore cylinder with a 500 mm stroke:",[249,1093,1094],{},"Cap-end volume:",[249,1096,1097],{},[256,1098,1099],{},"Vext = 7,854 × 500 \u002F 1,000,000",[249,1101,1102],{},[256,1103,1104],{},"Vext ≈ 3.93 L",[249,1106,1107],{},"Rod-side volume:",[249,1109,1110],{},[256,1111,1112],{},"Vret = 5,391 × 500 \u002F 1,000,000",[249,1114,1115],{},[256,1116,1117],{},"Vret ≈ 2.70 L",[249,1119,1120],{},"The unequal chamber volumes are another consequence of the piston rod occupying part of the rod-side chamber.",[244,1122,1124],{"id":1123},"cycle-time","Cycle Time",[249,1126,1127],{},"For constant theoretical velocity:",[249,1129,1130],{},[256,1131,1132],{},"t = S \u002F v",[249,1134,278],{},[280,1136,1137,1143,1147],{},[283,1138,1139,1142],{},[286,1140,1141],{},"t"," = travel time",[283,1144,1145,1063],{},[286,1146,1062],{},[283,1148,1149,1152],{},[286,1150,1151],{},"v"," = piston velocity",[249,1154,1155,1156,1158],{},"For a 500 mm stroke at the calculated theoretical extension speed of approximately ",[286,1157,934],{},":",[249,1160,1161],{},[256,1162,1163],{},"t ≈ 500 \u002F 63.7",[249,1165,1166],{},[256,1167,1168],{},"t ≈ 7.85 s",[249,1170,1171,1172,1158],{},"For retraction at approximately ",[286,1173,940],{},[249,1175,1176],{},[256,1177,1178],{},"t ≈ 500 \u002F 92.7",[249,1180,1181],{},[256,1182,1183],{},"t ≈ 5.39 s",[249,1185,1186],{},"These values assume constant flow and do not include acceleration, valve transition, cushioning, control response or machine dwell time.",[244,1188,1190],{"id":1189},"force-speed-and-flow-should-not-be-mixed-up","Force, Speed and Flow Should Not Be Mixed Up",[249,1192,1193],{},"A useful diagnostic distinction is:",[249,1195,1196],{},[256,1197,1198],{},"Pressure + Effective Area → Force",[249,1200,1201],{},[256,1202,1203],{},"Flow ÷ Effective Area → Speed",[249,1205,1206],{},"Low flow primarily reduces cylinder speed.",[249,1208,1209],{},"Low pressure primarily reduces available hydraulic force.",[249,1211,1212],{},"However, a circuit restriction can affect both because a restriction may:",[280,1214,1215,1218,1221,1224,1227],{},[283,1216,1217],{},"reduce delivered flow,",[283,1219,1220],{},"create pressure loss,",[283,1222,1223],{},"increase backpressure,",[283,1225,1226],{},"generate heat,",[283,1228,1229],{},"or prevent the required pressure from reaching the active chamber.",[249,1231,1232],{},"The observed machine symptom therefore needs to be checked against actual port pressure and flow rather than against one isolated pump value.",[244,1234,1236],{"id":1235},"extension-and-retraction-flow-are-not-automatically-equal","Extension and Retraction Flow Are Not Automatically Equal",[249,1238,1239],{},"Equal pump flow into each side produces different piston speeds because the effective areas differ.",[249,1241,1242],{},"The flow leaving the opposite chamber is also different from the inlet flow because piston movement displaces oil according to the opposite chamber's area.",[249,1244,1245],{},"For example, during extension:",[280,1247,1248,1253],{},[283,1249,1250,1251],{},"cap-end oil enters an area based on ",[286,1252,300],{},[283,1254,1255,1256],{},"rod-end oil leaves an area based on ",[286,1257,306],{},[249,1259,1260],{},"During retraction:",[280,1262,1263,1268],{},[283,1264,1265,1266],{},"rod-end oil enters an area based on ",[286,1267,306],{},[283,1269,1270,1271],{},"cap-end oil leaves an area based on ",[286,1272,300],{},[249,1274,1275],{},"This matters when checking:",[280,1277,1278,1281,1284,1287,1290,1293],{},[283,1279,1280],{},"return-line flow,",[283,1282,1283],{},"valve capacity,",[283,1285,1286],{},"meter-out control,",[283,1288,1289],{},"port sizing,",[283,1291,1292],{},"backpressure,",[283,1294,1295],{},"and regeneration circuits.",[244,1297,1299],{"id":1298},"pressure-intensification-requires-a-separate-check","Pressure Intensification Requires a Separate Check",[249,1301,1302],{},"A restrictive return condition can produce pressure on the rod side that is higher than might be expected from the nominal supply setting.",[249,1304,1305],{},"Because extension force acts through the larger cap-end area while opposing rod-side pressure acts through the smaller annular area, certain circuit conditions can intensify rod-side pressure.",[249,1307,1308],{},"Do not assume that every cylinder chamber is limited to the pump pressure simply because the relief setting is lower.",[249,1310,1311],{},"When pressure intensification is possible, verify:",[280,1313,1314,1317,1320,1323,1326,1329],{},[283,1315,1316],{},"circuit configuration,",[283,1318,1319],{},"meter-out restrictions,",[283,1321,1322],{},"counterbalance or load-control valves,",[283,1324,1325],{},"actual pressure at both cylinder ports,",[283,1327,1328],{},"cylinder pressure rating,",[283,1330,1331],{},"rod-gland and seal pressure limits.",[249,1333,1334],{},"This is particularly important when diagnosing pressure-related seal extrusion or unexpected rod-side leakage.",[244,1336,1338],{"id":1337},"theoretical-values-vs-machine-performance","Theoretical Values vs. Machine Performance",[249,1340,1341],{},"The calculations on this page describe ideal hydraulic relationships.",[249,1343,1344],{},"Actual force and speed can differ because of:",[280,1346,1347,1350,1353,1356,1359,1362,1365,1368,1371,1374,1377,1380,1383,1386],{},[283,1348,1349],{},"seal friction,",[283,1351,1352],{},"bearing friction,",[283,1354,1355],{},"internal leakage,",[283,1357,1358],{},"valve pressure drop,",[283,1360,1361],{},"hose and fitting losses,",[283,1363,1364],{},"return backpressure,",[283,1366,1367],{},"fluid compressibility,",[283,1369,1370],{},"trapped air,",[283,1372,1373],{},"fluid viscosity,",[283,1375,1376],{},"pump volumetric efficiency,",[283,1378,1379],{},"linkage geometry,",[283,1381,1382],{},"external friction,",[283,1384,1385],{},"acceleration and deceleration,",[283,1387,1388],{},"and control-system behavior.",[249,1390,1391],{},"The equations are therefore appropriate for:",[280,1393,1394,1397,1400,1403],{},[283,1395,1396],{},"preliminary sizing,",[283,1398,1399],{},"system verification,",[283,1401,1402],{},"troubleshooting comparisons,",[283,1404,1405],{},"and engineering checks.",[249,1407,1408],{},"They should not be presented as guaranteed machine performance.",[244,1410,1412],{"id":1411},"rod-buckling-is-not-a-force-formula-problem","Rod Buckling Is Not a Force-Formula Problem",[249,1414,1415],{},"A cylinder may calculate enough hydraulic push force and still be unsuitable for the application.",[249,1417,1418],{},"Long-stroke compression applications require a separate piston-rod column-strength check.",[249,1420,1421],{},"Rod buckling depends on factors including:",[280,1423,1424,1427,1430,1433,1436,1439],{},[283,1425,1426],{},"rod diameter,",[283,1428,1429],{},"unsupported length,",[283,1431,1432],{},"mounting style,",[283,1434,1435],{},"rod-end condition,",[283,1437,1438],{},"alignment,",[283,1440,1441],{},"and the cylinder manufacturer's permitted load data.",[249,1443,1444],{},"Increasing bore size can increase hydraulic force without increasing rod-column capacity.",[249,1446,1447],{},"For this reason, force calculation alone must never be used to approve a long-stroke push application.",[244,1449,1451],{"id":1450},"side-load-and-alignment-remain-separate","Side Load and Alignment Remain Separate",[249,1453,1454],{},"The piston rod should transmit axial cylinder force to a properly guided load.",[249,1456,1457],{},"The basic force equation does not account for:",[280,1459,1460,1463,1466,1469,1472],{},[283,1461,1462],{},"transverse load,",[283,1464,1465],{},"bending moment,",[283,1467,1468],{},"misalignment,",[283,1470,1471],{},"guide friction,",[283,1473,1474],{},"or mounting distortion.",[249,1476,1477],{},"A cylinder that has sufficient calculated force can still experience:",[280,1479,1480,1483,1486,1489,1492],{},[283,1481,1482],{},"high bearing load,",[283,1484,1485],{},"rod scoring,",[283,1487,1488],{},"seal wear,",[283,1490,1491],{},"stick-slip,",[283,1493,1494],{},"or premature failure",[249,1496,1497],{},"if the machine places significant side load on the rod.",[244,1499,1501],{"id":1500},"cushioning-and-deceleration-must-be-verified-separately","Cushioning and Deceleration Must Be Verified Separately",[249,1503,1504],{},"Speed calculation determines nominal piston velocity, but it does not prove that the cylinder can safely stop the moving mass at the end of stroke.",[249,1506,1507],{},"Cushioning and deceleration depend on:",[280,1509,1510,1513,1516,1519,1522,1525,1528],{},[283,1511,1512],{},"moving mass,",[283,1514,1515],{},"piston speed,",[283,1517,1518],{},"orientation,",[283,1520,1521],{},"external load,",[283,1523,1524],{},"available cushion travel,",[283,1526,1527],{},"cycle frequency,",[283,1529,1530],{},"and the specific cylinder design.",[249,1532,1533],{},"Higher flow should not be used to shorten cycle time without checking end-of-stroke energy and the manufacturer's speed and cushioning limits.",[244,1535,1537],{"id":1536},"special-cylinder-constructions","Special Cylinder Constructions",[249,1539,1540],{},"The simple extension and retraction formulas on this page are intended primarily for a conventional single-rod double-acting cylinder.",[249,1542,1543],{},"Do not automatically apply the same areas to:",[280,1545,1546,1549,1552,1555,1558,1561],{},[283,1547,1548],{},"double-rod cylinders,",[283,1550,1551],{},"telescopic cylinders,",[283,1553,1554],{},"tandem cylinders,",[283,1556,1557],{},"multi-stage cylinders,",[283,1559,1560],{},"differential or regenerative circuits,",[283,1562,1563],{},"or other special actuator arrangements.",[249,1565,1566,1567],{},"Parker notes that telescopic-cylinder calculations require identifying the effective area for the particular stage and direction rather than assuming one fixed cylinder area. ",[321,1568,1570],{"index":1569},"5","oaicite:5",[249,1572,1573],{},"For any special construction, identify the actual pressurized and opposing areas before calculating force, speed or flow.",[244,1575,1577],{"id":1576},"engineering-verification-checklist","Engineering Verification Checklist",[249,1579,1580],{},"Before using calculated values for product selection or machine approval, confirm:",[280,1582,1583,1586,1588,1591,1594,1597,1600,1603,1606,1609,1612,1615,1617,1620,1623,1626,1629,1632,1635,1638,1641,1644],{},[283,1584,1585],{},"bore diameter,",[283,1587,1426],{},[283,1589,1590],{},"cylinder construction,",[283,1592,1593],{},"direction of travel,",[283,1595,1596],{},"required load,",[283,1598,1599],{},"pressure at the active cylinder port,",[283,1601,1602],{},"opposing chamber pressure where relevant,",[283,1604,1605],{},"available flow,",[283,1607,1608],{},"required speed,",[283,1610,1611],{},"stroke,",[283,1613,1614],{},"chamber volume,",[283,1616,1283],{},[283,1618,1619],{},"port and hose capacity,",[283,1621,1622],{},"return-flow condition,",[283,1624,1625],{},"pressure rating,",[283,1627,1628],{},"rod-column strength,",[283,1630,1631],{},"mounting geometry,",[283,1633,1634],{},"load guidance,",[283,1636,1637],{},"cushioning,",[283,1639,1640],{},"seal and fluid compatibility,",[283,1642,1643],{},"temperature,",[283,1645,1646],{},"and any manufacturer-specific operating limits.",[249,1648,1649,1650,1655],{},"Use the ",[1651,1652,1654],"a",{"href":1653},"\u002Fresources\u002Fselection-guides\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-selection-guide\u002F","Hydraulic Cylinder Selection Guide"," when the calculation is part of a complete cylinder selection or replacement-verification process.",{"title":11,"searchDepth":12,"depth":12,"links":1657},[1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688],{"id":246,"depth":12,"text":247},{"id":327,"depth":12,"text":328},{"id":432,"depth":12,"text":433},{"id":459,"depth":12,"text":460},{"id":508,"depth":12,"text":509,"children":1663},[1664,1666,1667],{"id":550,"depth":1665,"text":551},3,{"id":579,"depth":1665,"text":580},{"id":599,"depth":1665,"text":600},{"id":628,"depth":12,"text":629},{"id":683,"depth":12,"text":684},{"id":744,"depth":12,"text":745},{"id":777,"depth":12,"text":778},{"id":827,"depth":12,"text":828},{"id":863,"depth":12,"text":864},{"id":896,"depth":12,"text":897},{"id":953,"depth":12,"text":954},{"id":1033,"depth":12,"text":1034,"children":1677},[1678],{"id":1087,"depth":1665,"text":1088},{"id":1123,"depth":12,"text":1124},{"id":1189,"depth":12,"text":1190},{"id":1235,"depth":12,"text":1236},{"id":1298,"depth":12,"text":1299},{"id":1337,"depth":12,"text":1338},{"id":1411,"depth":12,"text":1412},{"id":1450,"depth":12,"text":1451},{"id":1500,"depth":12,"text":1501},{"id":1536,"depth":12,"text":1537},{"id":1576,"depth":12,"text":1577},"technical-guide","Engineering reference for hydraulic cylinder extension and retraction force, effective area, speed, flow and chamber-volume calculations with direction-specific formulas and verification limits.",[1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697],"Always use the effective area for the actual direction of motion.","Use pressure available at the active cylinder chamber under load, not the pump relief setting by default.","Use actual flow delivered to the active chamber, not nominal pump displacement alone.","Check both supply-side and return-side pressure when backpressure or pressure intensification may affect the result.","Treat calculated force and speed as theoretical values until circuit losses, friction, leakage and mechanical conditions have been considered.","Long-stroke push applications require rod-column and mounting verification independently of force calculations.",[1699,1709,1717,1726,1738,1749,1759],{"title":1700,"expression":264,"variables":1701,"note":1708},"Cap-End Piston Area",[1702,1705],{"symbol":300,"meaning":1703,"unit":1704},"Full piston area on the cap end","area",{"symbol":288,"meaning":1706,"unit":1707},"Cylinder bore diameter","length","For a conventional single-rod double-acting cylinder, A₁ is normally the effective area used for extension calculations.",{"title":1710,"expression":468,"variables":1711},"Piston Rod Area",[1712,1715],{"symbol":1713,"meaning":1714,"unit":1704},"Aᵣ","Piston rod cross-sectional area",{"symbol":294,"meaning":1716,"unit":1707},"Piston rod diameter",{"title":1718,"expression":1719,"variables":1720,"note":1725},"Rod-Side Annular Area","A₂ = A₁ - Aᵣ = π(D² - d²) \u002F 4",[1721,1723,1724],{"symbol":306,"meaning":1722,"unit":1704},"Effective annular area on the rod side",{"symbol":288,"meaning":1706,"unit":1707},{"symbol":294,"meaning":1716,"unit":1707},"A₂ is normally the effective area used for retraction calculations on a conventional single-rod cylinder.",{"title":1727,"expression":517,"variables":1728,"note":1737},"Theoretical Hydraulic Force",[1729,1732,1735],{"symbol":526,"meaning":1730,"unit":1731},"Theoretical hydraulic force","force",{"symbol":532,"meaning":1733,"unit":1734},"Pressure in the active cylinder chamber","pressure",{"symbol":538,"meaning":1736,"unit":1704},"Effective piston area for the direction of travel","When P is in bar and A is in mm², F in kN = P × A \u002F 10,000.",{"title":828,"expression":836,"variables":1739,"note":1748},[1740,1743,1746],{"symbol":1151,"meaning":1741,"unit":1742},"Piston velocity","length\u002Ftime",{"symbol":846,"meaning":1744,"unit":1745},"Volumetric flow entering the active chamber","volume\u002Ftime",{"symbol":538,"meaning":1747,"unit":1704},"Effective area of the active chamber","When Q is in L\u002Fmin and A is in mm², v in mm\u002Fs = 16,666.7 × Q \u002F A.",{"title":1750,"expression":962,"variables":1751,"note":1758},"Required Flow",[1752,1754,1756],{"symbol":846,"meaning":1753,"unit":1745},"Required volumetric flow",{"symbol":1151,"meaning":1755,"unit":1742},"Required piston velocity",{"symbol":538,"meaning":1757,"unit":1704},"Effective chamber area","When v is in mm\u002Fs and A is in mm², Q in L\u002Fmin = v × A \u002F 16,666.7.",{"title":1034,"expression":1042,"variables":1760,"note":1767},[1761,1764,1765],{"symbol":1051,"meaning":1762,"unit":1763},"Chamber displacement volume","volume",{"symbol":538,"meaning":1757,"unit":1704},{"symbol":1062,"meaning":1766,"unit":1707},"Stroke or travel distance","When A is in mm² and S is in mm, V in litres = A × S \u002F 1,000,000.",{"directAnswer":1769,"keyFacts":1770,"verificationNotes":1776},"For a conventional single-rod double-acting hydraulic cylinder, theoretical extension force is pressure multiplied by the full piston area, while theoretical retraction force uses the smaller annular area after subtracting rod area. Cylinder speed is inlet flow divided by the effective area of the pressurized chamber. Therefore, at equal pressure extension force is normally higher than retraction force, while at equal inlet flow retraction speed is normally higher than extension speed.",[1771,1772,1773,1774,1775],"Extension effective area is the full bore area for a conventional single-rod double-acting cylinder.","Retraction effective area is the bore area minus the piston-rod area.","Force is primarily determined by pressure and effective area; flow primarily determines theoretical speed.","Pressure and flow should be evaluated at the cylinder ports under the actual operating condition rather than assumed from pump nameplate values.","Theoretical calculations do not replace checks for rod buckling, mounting, side load, pressure rating, cushioning, seals or machine dynamics.",[1777,1778],"These equations describe ideal hydraulic relationships and do not include seal friction, internal leakage, valve and line losses, fluid compressibility or mechanical efficiency.","Telescopic, double-rod, tandem and other special cylinder constructions must be calculated from their actual direction-specific effective areas rather than automatically using the conventional single-rod formulas.","published",{},"\u002Fresources\u002Ftechnical-guides\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-force-speed-calculations",[1783,1788],{"publisher":1784,"title":1785,"url":1786,"sourceType":1787},"Parker Hannifin","Series VH Very Heavy Duty Hydraulic Cylinders — Theoretical Push and Pull Forces","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parker.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002FParker-com\u002FLiterature\u002FIndustrial-Cylinder\u002Fcylinder\u002Fcat\u002FHY08-1120-1NA.pdf","manufacturer",{"publisher":1784,"title":1789,"url":1790,"sourceType":1787},"CHGH Series Compact Hydraulic Cylinder — Theoretical Force, Push and Pull","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parker.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002FParker-com\u002FLiterature\u002FIndustrial-Hydraulics-Division-China\u002FCHGH-Series-Cylinder-Catalogue_MSG35-6901_EN.pdf",[1792,1793,1794],"tie-rod-hydraulic-cylinder","welded-hydraulic-cylinder","mill-type-hydraulic-cylinder",[1796,1797,1800],{"label":1654,"path":1653},{"label":1798,"path":1799},"Hydraulic Cylinder Losing Force","\u002Fresources\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-losing-force\u002F",{"label":1801,"path":1802},"Hydraulic Cylinder Moving Slowly","\u002Fresources\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-moving-slowly\u002F",[],[1805],{"label":205,"path":206},{"title":1807,"description":1808,"noindex":1809},"Hydraulic Cylinder Force & Speed Calculations | BOETH","Calculate hydraulic cylinder extension and retraction force, effective area, speed, flow and chamber volume with metric formulas and engineering checks.",false,"hydraulic-cylinder-force-speed-calculations","resources\u002Ftechnical-guides\u002Fhydraulic-cylinder-force-speed-calculations","UH1owBUJfLkk3NFzKx0Sslb6RCy1OuJn0IO8FmeEFUs",1792667602127]